My Packets Got Framed - Wireless Blog
http://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/feed.xml
2020-04-06T15:25:50.123000Z
Werkzeug
Wi-Fi Tips for Working @ home (COVID-19 edition)
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/wi-fi-tips-for-working-home-covid-19-edition
2020-04-06T15:25:50.123000Z
2020-04-03T14:48:12Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div>Since the last few weeks, Corona has changed our way of living and for a lot of people also their way of working. Their normal habit of driving to the office every morning is now traded in by working from home and this in turn requires a lot of self discipline and also avoiding distractions. Nobody was prepared for this drastic change and many are still struggling to get adapted to this new work mentality. I am by no means an expert in work ethics, but I am being working from home myself for the past 3 years and also I know something about wireless, so I know how important it is for homeworkers to have a fast and reliable Wi-Fi connection. For most of these people Wi-Fi is just something magical that either works or doesn’t. There isn’t a lot of awareness on how the IEEE 802.11 protocol actually works and what the best practices are for a fast and reliable wireless connection @ home. This is where I can help with some useful tips and tool recommendations, let’s dig in.</div>
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<div><br /></div><ol><li><div>Wi-Fi is not (yet) visible, so the first recommendation is <span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">downloading a reliable Wi-Fi scanner</span> for your Operating system. This piece of software is the only way to really know what is going on in the 2.4 and 5GHz spectrum bands (Wi-Fi operating frequencies). You will need one to troubleshoot the following recommendations for improving your overall Wi-Fi performance. Below is a list of recommended <span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">free</span> scanners listed per OS and ranked as most recommended, click on their name for the download link.</div></li></ol><div><br /></div><ol><ol><li><div>Windows :</div></li><ol><li><div><a href="https://www.helge-keck.com/download.html">WinFi Lite (Windows 10)</a></div></li><li><div><a href="https://www.metageek.com/support/downloads/download-inssider-win.html">inSSIDer </a></div></li><li><div><a href="https://www.acrylicwifi.com/en/downloads-free-license-wifi-wireless-network-software-tools/download-wifi-scanner-windows/">Acrylic Wi-Fi Home</a></div></li></ol><li><div>MacOs :</div></li><ol><li><div><a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wifi-explorer-lite/id1408727408?mt=12">WiFi Explorer Lite</a></div></li><li><div><a href="https://www.metageek.com/support/downloads/download-inssider-mac.html">inSSIDer</a></div></li></ol><li><div>Android:</div></li><ol><li><div><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.signalmonitoring.wifimonitoring&hl=nl">WiFi Monitor</a></div></li></ol><li><div>iOS :</div></li><ol><li><div><a href="https://apps.apple.com/be/app/airport-utility/id427276530">Airport Utility</a></div></li></ol><li><div>Linux :</div></li></ol></ol><ol><ul><ol><li><div><a href="https://www.kismetwireless.net/docs/readme/packages/">Kismet</a></div></li><li><div><a href="https://github.com/ghostop14/sparrow-wifi">Sparrow-WiFi Analyzer</a></div></li><li><div><a href="https://github.com/uoaerg/wavemon">Wavemon</a></div></li></ol></ul></ol><div><br /></div><ol start="2"><li><div>Try avoiding the 2.4GHz band as much as possible, <span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">the first reason</span> is non-Wi-Fi interference. As the name implies, this is interference in the 2.4 and 5GHz bands that is not originating from Wi-Fi. Good examples in the 2.4GHz band are Bluetooth and BLE, analog video cameras, baby monitors and microwave ovens to name some. Some interference is persistent and other temporary. If the interference is present in the 20MHz width of your current operating Wi-Fi channel, the effect will be lowered overall throughput (speed) or even Wi-Fi disconnects. The only way to detect this interference is using a spectrum analyzer and these are unfortunately not free as you will need specific hardware. Should you experience previous mentioned effects<span style="font-weight: bold;">, it is good practice to disable all these devices and verify if the issues still persist.</span> Note that the interference could also be originating from your neighbors’ house/apartment.</div></li></ol><div style="text-align: center; "><br /></div><ol start="2"><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Baby monitor</span></div>
<div><b><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/bcec6abf-705d-4263-8328-4bbfe76c49f3.png" width="503"/><br /></b></div>
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<div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Analog Video Camera</span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/4543fd5b-b3cc-446e-ae9c-055c81b933cd.png" width="507"/><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><br /></div></ol><ol start="3"><li><div><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">The second reason</span> is that this band only supports 3 non-overlapping channels (ex. 1, 6 & 11) because they are 20MHz wide and the rule is that non-overlapping channels need to be 25MHz apart (20MHz at least). In Belgium we have (in theory) 13 channels available, but again, most of these are overlapping as directly adjacent channels (ex. 1 & 2) are only 5MHz apart. Wi-Fi is a polite protocol, which means, listen before talking or in other words, Wi-Fi devices operating in adjacent overlapping channels cannot talk to each other and will therefore interfere with each other which results in less overall throughput. Wi-Fi devices in overlapping channels can talk to each other and therefore can politely wait for their time to transmit. <span style="font-weight: bold;">So, in short, only use channels 1, 6 or 11.</span></div></li></ol><div style="text-align: center; "><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">Good</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/4ff8d5c0-dad0-4898-bd50-ba9c627907f5.png" width="505"/><br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bad</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/afff7e49-f6b9-4740-8f06-f6a64ea4d668.png" width="506"/><br /></div>
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</div><ol start="4"><li><div> <span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">In the 2.4GHz band, only configure 20MHz wide channels</span>, 40MHz is available to you, but please don’t do it. Refer to the previous bullet point (<span style="font-weight: bold;">The second reason</span>). What will happen is when you configure channel 1 as your primary channel, a secondary channel will be used, 20MHz apart from the primary channel. This secondary channel will be channel 5 in this example, so in other words, what will happen is:</div></li><ul><li><div>Non overlapping Channels 1 & 6 can no longer be used by your direct neighbors without an overall throughput penalty.</div></li><li><div>The number of available 20MHz channels lowers from 3 to 2 (channel 1 & 11)</div></li><li><div>The secondary channel will only be used for data transmissions, which is only 25% of all traffic send over Wi-Fi, so in other words, this channel will be underutilized</div></li></ul></ol><div style="text-align: center; "><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/acb8be5f-ce0e-49ca-afe9-cc0141917fc5.png" style="text-indent: 18pt;" width="513"/><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><br /></div><ol start="5"><li><div><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Fix your Wi-Fi channel</span>, don’t depend on auto channel selection by the AP. Choosing a good channel (2.4GHz & 5GHz) depends on following factors:</div></li><ul><li><div>Is non-Wi-Fi interference present in any of these channels? Avoid these channels, or even better, remove the interference. Note that some interference like Bluetooth and baby monitors are all band interference, which means that they hop around the entire 2.4GHz spectrum band and therefore fixing the channel will not help in this case.</div></li><li><div>What channels are your neighbors using? Try to stay away from these channels.</div></li><li><div>The number of access points operating on the same channel, does not indicate the usability of a channel, another important factor is channel utilization. Use the channel with the least channel utilization. This is a value that is returned by the AP (not all AP’s broadcast this value) and is an estimation by the AP of the available airtime on its current operating channel.</div></li></ul></ol><div> </div>
<div style="text-align: center; "> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/9a0ca091-ddbc-413a-b9b0-5f047afa7dd3.png" width="383"/><br /></div>
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<div> </div><ol start="6"><li><div><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Use the 5GHz bands as much as possible:</span></div></li><ul><li><div>So many more 20/40 MHz channels are available in the 5GHz spectrum. All these channels can be used because they are not overlapping (adjacent channels are 20MHz apart).</div></li><li><div>Less non-Wi-Fi interference is present in the 5GHz bands. The biggest interference cause here is radar. Channels 52 till 140 are DFS which means that the AP needs to scan at least 60 seconds for radar before it can utilize this channel. This also means that if you fix the channel, the AP will still be scanning for radar on that channel during operation. Should it detect a radar (doesn’t matter if it is a false positive), the AP will have 10 seconds to move away from this channel and your configured channel will not be available for at least 30 minutes. This also means that when the AP is switching channels, the possibility exists that your client(s) will lose Wi-Fi connectivity.</div></li><li><div>Channels 36 to 48 are non-DFS, which means that radar scanning is not needed in these channels.</div></li><li><div>Keep in mind that most DFS hits are false positives, but will still force your AP to move away from the configured channel</div></li><li><div>Try to avoid channels 120, 124 & 128, these are channels were most weather radar in Belgium is operating on, which means that these channels will need to be scanned for around 10 minutes before they can be utilized.</div></li><li><div>40MHz channels can be utilized, but try to avoid overlapping with your neighbors.</div></li><li><div>Never use 80MHz or 160MHz channels. Every doubling of channel width will raise the noise floor by double as well. This means that you will need a double as strong signal to maintain the higher connected data rates. This will also further limit the available channels for you and your neighbors. Also remember that only the primary 20MHz part is fully utilized, the secondaries will only be used to transmit data.</div></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/5e6e2ac9-229d-4fc0-b7b0-bc731e598588.png" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;" width="669"/><br /></div></ol><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/c1ba14c1-a038-4cdb-a82e-ed469c5067f7.png" width="580"/><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center; "><br /></div><ol start="7"><li><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Number of SSIDs</span>: Limit the number of SSIDs (Wi-Fi networks) that your AP broadcasts (ex your private network and a guest network), every additional network that you broadcast will inflict a penalty on overall throughput. This is because every additional SSID you configure will be broadcasted approx. every 102.4ms, which will eat up valuable airtime needed to send data.</div></li></ol><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/6f7233e0-31ab-41fe-ab34-7a16cd880f1b/937cd10a-33b4-43ab-8c4d-b771a367fee6.png" width="319"/><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><ol start="8"><li><div><u><b>Configure 1 SSID per radio:</b></u> The thing with wireless clients is that they are in charge on which radio they will connect (5GHz or 2.4GHz) radio. Don’t make the assumption that the Access Point is in charge of this. The goal is to configure the 5GHz SSID on your dual band (2.4GHz + 5GHz) devices and the 2.4GHz SSID on the 2.4 only GHz devices. This simple solution will make sure that you are always connected to the best network. So your networks could look something like this: My_SSID_2.4 and My_SSID_5.<br /></div></li></ol><div style="text-align: center; "> <br /></div>
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Aruba Service Assurance Sensor Review
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/aruba-service-assurance-sensor-review
2020-04-06T08:57:53.277000Z
2018-10-24T14:19:06Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><div><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">I ve been testing the Re-branded Sensor for a while now since </span><a href="https://news.arubanetworks.com/press-release/hpe-acquire-cape-networks" style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana; text-decoration: underline;">HPE acquired Cape Networks</a> <span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">and i must say that it still has the same look and feel as I was used to before the acquisition. They even added some nice extra features like Reporting, Telnet & VoIP testing and Disabling SSL validation for webserver tests.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">So, what exactly is it? It’s a Wi-Fi device that mimics a client and tests/monitors overall performance metrics and runs tests like ping, iperf, zap, …. For your internal network and also external networks, for example testing the throughput of your end-to-end connection when downloading a YouTube video, more on this later.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">I like the look and feel of this device, very slick sensor design and dashboard. Also, so easy to set-up and maintain. More details can be found</span> <a href="https://capenetworks.com/" style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana; text-decoration: underline;">here</a><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">For my testing, is used a simple network design, with 1 sensor, 1 AP and 1 home gateway for DHCP and routing towards the internet. I also used the WLAN Pros’ ODROID-C2 WLAN_Pro Build v1.5 (Jerry Olla) and a Windows 7 laptop running a telnet server.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 353pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/d5fe2be0-f0f6-4080-a719-91558a05ce9a.png" width="941"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"/><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Setting-up the sensor was a breeze, just take it out of the box, plug it into a power outlet (or PoE), connect the UTP cable, the status light turns solid green and you’re done, the device will call home using SSL / 256-bit AES encrypted communications with the cloud servers, so (duh!!!), of course you will need connectivity towards the internet.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/002db802-c7ce-4325-96ba-bf470fef7a42.png" width="749"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"/><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Now, for the Dashboard, it is very easy to learn and add sensors, and tests. The main dashboard looks like this, just surf to</span> <a href="https://dashboard.capenetworks.com/" style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana; text-decoration: underline;">https://dashboard.capenetworks.com/</a> <span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">and add your sensor.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 205pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/1617eefa-754e-4cb4-acd4-2fadd8dbf012.png" width="925"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Five traffic lights show the status of:</span></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Experience:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">overall user experience</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Wi-Fi:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Wi-Fi connectivity and quality</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Network:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">core network services</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Internal:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">your most critical internal services, like captive portals</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">External:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">important external services</span></div></li></ul><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Now for the colors, there are 4 possibilities:</span></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Green:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">the network is good</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Yellow:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">there is a warning about the network (this is often threshold issues, like high latency, but not excessively so)</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Red:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">errors, there is a network issue.</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Gray:</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">untested</span></div></li></ul><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">Smashing, lets set-up some tests and start fooling around. I configured several internal and several external tests and let them run for about 3 hours. First the internal tests:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"/><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"/><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">ICMP Ping to Default Gateway</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">I am only interested in the last 3 hours, so I configured the dashboard to only show me data during that timestamp.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/712693b4-9250-48e1-839c-3378242edb67.png" width="932"/></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">You can see that it ran a ping every 20 minutes for about 1 minute each (green bars). When you hover over the Status bar, you can see details like latency, packet loss and jitter. It is good to know that the sensor runs all tests on both its Wireless and ethernet interface. This is fantastic, because this way when issues pop-up, you can quickly see if it is wireless only related problem, more on this later.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"/><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"/><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; line-height: 108%;"/><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">Ping to ODROID + port 5202</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/0d7b3532-1c3f-43fb-9382-547cd3846879.png" width="920"/></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">Over here, I am running a normal ping test to my ODROID as well as a port ping to 5202 (this is the port, the ODROID is listening on for IPERF throughput tests, same output as in previous test can be found here. Note that it is displaying the average latency, packet loss and jitter for both ping tests.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0mm;"><br/></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">iPerf3 ODROID Upload & Download Throughput Test</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 197pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/a1671c24-cd88-4a11-a015-e2f87db1c925.png" width="935"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">With Iperf3, standard you will run a throughput test towards the server, so upload. If you want to test download speeds, then you need to add the -R in your CLI.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 194pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/0e106e0a-0e50-4fae-9db3-2f786c8b6c57.png" width="927"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">When setting up the test, there is a lot of granularity to choose from like direction, layer 4 protocol, port, test duration, parallel data streams and frequency of testing:</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 287pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/1e735cfa-b5d5-433f-ab52-2b46a6d53358.png" width="456"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Another thing I noticed is that it switches every 10 minutes between a throughput test over ethernet or over Wi-Fi, so this means that you only run a Wi-Fi test once every 20 minutes. You can see this more clearly under the "Experience" view where you can make a separation between ethernet tests and Wi-Fi tests.</span></span></div><hr style="display:none;-evernote-encp-section-break:true;"/><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/0fce7883-ef86-4ec2-a5bf-9731b7959f76.png" /></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">ZAP ODROID Upload & Download Throughput Test</span><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/be4a8301-347d-460f-997e-4f85de2968ef.png" style="font-family: Verdana;" width="927"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 292pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/4719a8a1-bbc4-4cf1-a35b-d7badb3e35ce.png" width="929"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">The nice thing about ZAP compared to Iperf3 is that you can see the peak throughput as well as the expected throughput that can be sustained for a percental of time of the test duration.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Also, here is a lot of granularity like direction, layer 4 protocol, test duration, QoS markings and frequency of testing:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/5f0a74ff-d1fb-4042-8215-087cc78a0c72.png" width="458"/></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><br/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">ODROID VoIP MOS Test</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Now let’s dig into the latest added tests, first one will give you a MOS (Mean Opinion Score) to grade voice quality, I am running this test towards the ODROID which is not a voice server nor gateway, so it is not actually simulating a voice call but rather a connection test. This test is by default ran on TCP port 443.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 176pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/2b363a3f-9216-447f-9ad4-ad284a150950.png" width="923"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">The MOS Formula is based on average Latency, Packet loss and Jitter and is rated like follows by Cape:</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">4.4: Best score possible</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">4.3 – 4.4: Users very satisfied </span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">4.0 – 4.3: Most users satisfied </span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">3.6 – 4.0: Some users satisfied </span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">3.1 – 3.6: Many users dissatisfied </span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">2.6 – 3.1: Nearly all users dissatisfied </span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">1.0 – 2.6: Not recommended</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Telnet Test</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">For this test, I ve set-up my Windows 7 laptop as a Telnet server. This can come in handy If your business runs a mission critical, Telnet based application such as barcode scanners in a warehouse. When configuring this test, you can optionally validate a prompt text on the server (search string). The test will measure and report the success and timing of that process allowing you to get alerted when the service slows down or fails.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 203pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/205c99d6-2623-4493-a07b-cb2e78a81de4.png" width="925"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">That’s all that I did for internal testing, now let’s move on to the external tests. I will group the predefined templates that conduct the same tests.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">HTTP GET</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 149pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/cd4f114c-8b15-42ca-a8a2-71e3df78f4db.png" width="921"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">For the sites above, the sensor will resolve their IP address and conduct an ICMP ping test. The sensor will also send the HTTP GET request on both ports 80 and 443 towards the server; then the server returns a response to the client. The average time between the 2 ports to receive this response is displayed under HTTP GET (Elapsed Time).</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/6f0a68b0-9d24-47be-b919-919e41f26bf4.png"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 181pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Dropbox</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 181pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">You can upload/download a file to Dropbox using its API for throughput testing of the service. You can select a file size of 1 or 5MB and a test frequency between</span><span style="min-height: 181pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> 10 minutes and 12 hours. The previous mentioned http get/ICMP ping will also run.</span></div></div><div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/af3c15ab-dd1c-45a8-8742-d934be7a5f33.png" width="456"/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 181pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="min-height: 181pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;"> </span> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/d856e27f-30eb-44f9-91fe-2456635474c3.png"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt;"><br/></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Netflix (</span><a href="http://fast.com/" style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Fast.com</a><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">)</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/3be9320d-885b-416d-97c0-e959f20217aa.png" style="color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: roboto; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" width="457"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">This test allows you to run a Speedtest towards</span><span style="font-size: 16px; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: roboto;"> </span><a href="http://fast.com/" style="font-size: 11pt; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(14, 48, 41);">Fast.com</a><span style="font-size: 11pt; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">, which is hosted by Netflix. You can select a test frequency between 30 minutes and 12 hours. You can also directly from your PC, tablet or phone run a test by surfing to</span><span style="font-size: 16px; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: roboto;"> </span><a href="https://fast.com/nl/" style="font-size: 11pt; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">fast.com</a><span style="font-size: 16px; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: roboto;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">which will look something like this:</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 181pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/61205a7b-1868-42d3-8768-456734fdeb7f.png" style="color: rgb(14, 48, 41); font-family: roboto; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" width="484"/></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; min-height: 15pt;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; min-height: 15pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;">Again, 1 test is run over Wi-Fi and 1 over ethernet, every 10 minutes. Only download Throughput is tested here.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 144pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/935c47f2-3507-4bd0-8100-8507d4a73c11.png" width="918"/><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">Netflix recommends the following for download Internet Connection Speeds per video stream:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt; list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;"><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">0.5 Megabits per second - Required broadband connection speed</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">1.5 Megabits per second - Recommended broadband connection speed</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">3.0 Megabits per second - Recommended for SD quality</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">5.0 Megabits per second - Recommended for HD quality</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">25 Megabits per second - Recommended for Ultra HD quality</span></div></li></ul><div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><br/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">Skype for Business</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">See the ODROID VoIP MOS Test previous in this blog post. The only difference is that the test will be conducted to the default public IP of 13.107.8.2</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 68pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/95f11313-5596-4786-a0fc-f9ff1c19653b.png" width="393"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 177pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/4f5da388-5757-4073-b173-878213c58bfa.png" width="922"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><br/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;">YouTube</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 289pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/6efac59e-dfdc-4736-bc28-fa7940dc4f62.png" width="461"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">In addition to the familiar pinging and http, you can download a YouTube video from 144p all the way up to 4K resolution (UHD) with a test frequency between every 10 minutes to every 12 hours. So again, this is another type of throughput test, downloading a video from YouTube’s CDN.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 212pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/ad72e417-92ae-43bf-af73-59893ae73af3.png" width="925"/></div>
<div style="min-height: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">According to</span> <a href="https://www.google.com/get/videoqualityreport/%20/l%20methodology" style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana; text-decoration: underline;">Google's Video Quality report</a><span style="min-height: 15pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">, you can interpret the throughput measurements in the following manner:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt; list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;"><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">> 2.5 Mbps, HD streaming: Minimum throughput required to sustain an average YouTube HD video playback at 720p resolution.</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">0.7 to 2.5 Mbps, SD streaming: Minimum throughput required to sustain an average YouTube SD video playback at 360p resolution.</span></div></li><li style="margin-left: 33pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; font-size: 11pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;">< 0.7 Mbps, LD streaming: Throughput too low to sustain YouTube SD video playback at 360p resolution.</span></div></li></ul><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><br/></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">So, what if it all goes wrong?</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">If alerts are triggered, then you will receive a notification. You can then drill down into the issue, compare it with the correlating ethernet test and even sometimes download a packet capture when the event was triggered to further analyze.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/32b9187f-53a1-466f-947f-db28a03b313b.png" width="422"/><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;"> Vs. </span> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/79584e75-91fd-44c5-9594-9b77e9f40ab4.png" width="443"/></div>
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<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">Requesting PCAP File</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">Requesting a PCAP will instruct the sensor to send through the entire buffer it holds in memory which is 50MB. The PCAP data will be sent as soon as the sensor receives the request for PCAP data. The duration of PCAP data will vary based on the traffic on the network. Less traffic will mean a longer replay duration within the 50MB buffer.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 195pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/e5293422-af0e-491c-98ad-fee6f4bdbfbe.png" width="579"/></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><br/></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">Weekly Reports</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">You can even configure the system to send you a weekly report showing you Metrics and top alerts for your environment. Here you can again compare your testing WLAN with the correlating ethernet interface tests. The results will also be compared to the previous week should you be testing or monitoring for longer periods.</span></div>
<div style="min-height: 287pt; text-align: left;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/07fadf7a-189a-4558-ba03-88d500d15aea.png" width="418"/><span style="min-height: 287pt; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana;"> Vs. </span> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/77421814-4a7c-428d-bd50-52fdc597279a/9c61f33e-d36d-46e3-aa36-fe0ba9436240.png" width="444"/></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><br/></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; line-height: 108%;">Conclusion</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">Good tools are so important for the WLAN Professional, the Cape sensor is a cool testing device that I use daily for troubleshooting purposes. It gives me a good sense about the current WLAN environment and the way client devices are experiencing it. However, keep in mind that not all clients are the same and even same devices brands/types running different code can behave very differently. so the takeway here is to always also test with the actual client device in production.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">One thing i checked with Aruba is that my sensor is an older 802.11n (5GHz band), so no 802.11ac support. The newer models however should have 802.11ac chipsets. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 2.81mm; text-indent: 0mm; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Verdana; line-height: 108%;">I thank you all for reading and hope to see you again soon for another blog post.</span></div>
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Ekahau - Where did my walls go?
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/ekahau-where-did-my-walls-go
2020-04-06T08:57:50.196000Z
2018-07-04T13:21:37Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Last, i ran into an issue were my walls had suddenly disappeared from my Ekahau project. </span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/92526109-a703-4617-9844-7f04d6c17434.png" width="595"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">What i normally would do when starting a new project is use a template containing all standard wall types as well as my custom made walls. This is just a cleaned up project that contains these walls an you would re-use it to build up your next project.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Because this was a big project and i had already done most of my design work, i was not eager on starting from the beginning. So what i did is the following:</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Note*:</span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Before tempering with project files, i always recommend first making a copy and storing them safely.</span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Locate your project and change its extension from *.esx to *.zip. Click on OK for the warning.</span></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/896eb054-637b-4b00-bb44-7378d072d922.png" width="594"/> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">>></span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/9e7f3631-b436-41f1-b92e-4503753381c8.png" style="font-weight: bold;" width="461"/></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Now extract the zip file, containing multiple json file formats. Look for the file named "wallTypes.json" in the list.</span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/dcd0f53a-7159-4b48-867d-708112fe1f3c.png" width="635"/></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Mmmm, the file doesn't seem to be located in the project file, that is my issue right there. Later i will show you another trick if the project does contain the "wallTypes.json" file but doesn't have the custom walltypes you need in there, but for now lets fix this problem first.</span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">So what you need to do now is locate your template (containing your custom walls) or start a new project (containing the default wall types) and change its extension from *.esx to *.zip as well. Then locate the wall types file and open it using Notepad++ (or another text editor).</span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/8514f9ec-e764-475d-921d-166da820d723.png" width="592"/></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Ahaa, this one contains the file i was looking for, lets have a look at it. Cool, it contains all the walls i was looking for. So close the file and copy it to the location were you extracted your other project files.</span></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/6e5e7c55-a9e6-4c12-9b01-b95f2b1f992e.png" width="552"/></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">So, i copied it, and there it is. Now we need to select all files (CTRL + A) ZIP them and change the file name back to *.esx .</span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/4845f2cd-89f2-49e4-9c14-dfa8c8f963a9.png" width="565"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/9e7f3631-b436-41f1-b92e-4503753381c8.png" style="font-weight: bold;" width="461"/> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">>></span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/896eb054-637b-4b00-bb44-7378d072d922.png" width="594"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Note*:</span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">I strongly recommend opening the tampered file first before overwriting the original project file. Check if everything works fine.</span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">And surely enough, there are my walls (all of them). You can now overwrite the original project with this one.</span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/4e9f01f4-8499-409f-9f32-ec0f8d8adcb0.png" width="682"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">For my next trick, i will show you how to add a custom 20dB Wall to the list in the "wallTypes.json" file. It will make it the first wall in the list in the Ekahau SSV tool.</span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">So first, this is how the list looks in Ekahau @ Factory default. Ekahau will populate the list following the alphabet, so in this case the first wall type starts with a "B". </span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/3cfd4fdd-6fa1-401d-8d4a-0192d49b5dfe.png" style="font-size: 11pt;" width="683"/></span></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Repeat the previous mentioned steps and open the</span> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">"wallTypes.json" file</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">. Note that the "Bookshelf (2.0dB)" is not the first one in the list so it doesn't matter where you place the custom wall, as long as you name it "20dB Wall" (numbers come before letters), it will appear first in the Ekahau drop down list. </span></span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/a4445dda-1414-4e18-a234-c3fbf25268c9.png" style="font-size: 11pt;" width="557"/></span></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Open the template </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">"wallTypes.json" file containing your custom walls. Here you see that i located the <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">"20dB Wall". Check everything between the collums (marked in grey) and copy it to the clipboard.</span></span></span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/96e483e6-4978-467e-8507-15c974a446db.png" style="font-size: 11pt;" width="562"/></span></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Now open up your projects' </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">"wallTypes.json" file and paste it in somewhere in the list, make sure that it looks like below. You can see that in my case, it is now the second wall type in the list (just to make a point) but it will be the first one in the Ekahau drop down list.</span></span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/2e3dba18-3a6f-406a-a20d-fb64643220e6.png" style="font-size: 11pt;" width="559"/></span></span></div>
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<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Next, you now what to do, zip^up the files and change the file extension. Then open up the project and have a look at the wall list.</span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;"> <img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/621d69bd-2e8f-46cc-b96a-1f0931e9a822/76640eab-8c0d-44c6-9045-62fe7e35f19c.png" width="682"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">There you have it boys and girls, first one in the list and ready to be drawn. I hope you like this post and found it usefull. See you soon for my next post</span></div>
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Why are my Cisco Access Points not transmitting at maximum allowed EIRP?
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/why-are-my-cisco-access-points-not-transmitting-at-maximum-allowed-eirp
2020-04-06T08:57:49.366000Z
2018-06-14T19:48:19Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">When looking into my WLC controlled APs’ cli, I noticed that even with the highest configured TX power (Level 1 in the WLC) and several external antenna options they would never Transmit @ max. EIRP for my Regulatory domain following the simple EIRP formula of EIRP = TX Power (dBm) + Antenna Gain (dBi) - Insertion Loss (dB).</font></div>
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<div><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Max. EIRP for Belgium (ETSI)</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/1806e3a3-46cf-48e3-9ee3-e616c369495c.png" width="665"/><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">If for example (using previous formula), the max. TX Power would be 25dBm, the Antenna Gain 5dBi and the cable/connector Loss 0dB, then taking the max. allowed EIRP for ETSI 5GHz <span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">U-NII-2ext</span>. into account (30dBm or 1000mW), the formula would be: 25dBm + 5dBi = 30dBm <span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">(we don’t care for insertion loss for this example due to fixed antenna gains (cable/connector loss is already included)</span>. </font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">So in short, I would expect that the AP’s EIRP would be 30dBm @ the exit point of the antenna. </font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">More technically speaking</span>, it would be 19dBm TX Power/antenna combined to 25dBm (4x4 MIMO) Total Power for our test AP (<span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">AIR-AP1572EAC-E-K9),</span> the principle is that the more antennas (radio chains) you add, the higher the combined gain and this will needs to be subtracted from the TX Power per radio chain. You can calculate this with following formula: 10 x log10(number of antennas).</font></div>
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<div><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">For example:</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">2 antennas >> 10 x log10(2) = 3,0103 >> 3dB gain</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">3 antennas >> 10 x log10(3) = 4,7712 >> 4,8dB gain</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4 antennas >> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">10 x log10(4) = 6,0206 >> 6dB gain</span></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">25dBm Total Power - 6dB = 19dBm TX power/radio chain</font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/410f29a9-e0de-40fd-87b5-4bc00d2f4376.png" /><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Now, to make it more complex, this is without standardised TX beamforming taken into account, when this feature is used, the max. combined signal strength at the receiver would be higher then without TX beamforming enabled. How much exactly, will once more depend on the number of radio chains.</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">So in our case with 4 antennas, we need to subtract another 6dB from our TX Power/radio chain budget.</font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">19dBm TX power/radio chain - 6dB TX beamforming gain = 13dBm TX power/radio chain</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">13dBm TX power/radio chain + 6dB gain = 19dBm Total Power</font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/e69edbe7-c802-4787-a2cf-e16c07449625.png" width="614"/><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; font-style: italic;">But wait</span>, in both tabels, an antenna gain of only 4dBi is presumed and the max. TX power we get is 25dBm so we will only transmit @ 29dBm EIRP. </font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;">I have an idea</span>, let’s change the antenna(s) to 5dBi, that surely would solve our issue, because 25dBm + 5dBi = 30dBm, <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">or is it not that simple? </span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Let’s have a closer look at the power chart for a 5dBi antenna.</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/66b234a4-951f-4137-b162-c07d94221a24.png" /><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;">Oh my</span>, we are still not getting our 30dBm, because the Power was lowered by another 1dB.</font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">So why are we never reaching our max. EIRP of 30dBm?</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Let’s take a step back and see what the max. allowed TX power is for 20MHz wide 5GHz channels on our test AP<span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">.</span></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/7a2ced89-faef-41ab-b848-b5c4b5953104.png" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"/><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Wow</span>, now the max. Power allowed is only 24dBm , this is getting very confusing 🙂. Let’s have a closer inspection inside the APs’ cli and test what happens with the max. Power level (Level 1) and EIRP in several configuration examples (choosing different antenna gains in the WLC config).</font></div>
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<div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; "><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Note 1*:</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"> </span><span style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The transmit power level is assigned an integer value instead of a value in mW or dBm. The integer corresponds to a power level that varies depending on the regulatory domain in which the access points are deployed. The number of available power levels varies based on the access point model. However, power level 1 is always the maximum power level allowed per country code setting, with each successive power level representing 50% of the previous power level (-3dB). Below a chart for our </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);">test AP with a max. of 23dBm TX power, we are getting closer to solving this riddle 🙂.</span></span></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/6e288bb0-9331-455e-852b-4e8f87dc60bd.png" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"/><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; "><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Note 2*:</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"> For all my configuration examples, the power level configured will be @ Level Index 1 and the configured frequency will remain @ 5540MHz (Ch 108). </span></font></div>
<div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; "><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">The only thing that will change is the antenna gains.</font></span></div>
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<div><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">AIR-AP1572EAC-E-K9 Configuration Examples</font></span></span></div>
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<div><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Used Cisco cli command:</font></span></div><ul><ol style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt;list-style-type: lower-alpha;" type="a"></ol><li><div><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Cisco AP > "show controllers dot11Radio 1" (5GHz radio)</font></span></div></li></ul><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">mW to dBm conversion formula:</font></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">10 x log10 (mW) = dBm</font></span></div></li></ul><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configuration Example 1</font></span></div>
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<div><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</font></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</font></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic;-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</font></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured TxPower: 20 dBm (Level Index 1)</span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Allowed Power Levels: 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Allowed Client Power Levels: 20 17 14 11 8 dBm <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Antenna: Rx[a b c d ] </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">………………………………………..Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></span></span></font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 14] (dBi x 2), Reported 14,</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured 14, In Use 14]</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> (dBi x 2)</span></span></font></div>
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<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">So, what did we learn from this output?</font></span></div><ul><li><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><font color="#010101" face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">The channel configured is 108 (5540 MHz) which is located in the U-NII-2ext band.</span></font></span></div></li><li><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">We statically configured the External antenna gain to 7dBi (14 increments of 0,5dBi).</font></span></div></li><li><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">The AP auto chose the TX power level of 20 dBm (when configured on level index 1).</font></span></span></div></li><li><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Like previously mentioned, the AP uses 3dBm power increments.</font></span></span></div></li><li><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Remember our EIRP formula? EIRP = TX Power (dBm) + Antenna Gain (dBi) , let’s apply it here: 20<span style="text-indent: 0mm;">dBm + 7dBi = 27dBm EIRP</span></font></div></li></ul><div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Why did the AP not choose 23dBm?</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>It’s all RF math baby 🙂, the way It works is that the AP uses mW to calculate the EIRP and not dBm, so we need to convert our Power levels to mW first. You will see tables like the one below to convert dBm to mW and vice versa, but those tables are not accurate though. Why exactely? Because dBm is an Absolute/logarithmic power value and mW is an Absolute/linear value.</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/23febef1-8a8e-4080-8efb-1bba8c1f1ed9.png" width="651"/><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/c00a3f07-969c-4fb8-8893-2aa9da5d1cf5/8afad1c7-6899-4d42-8def-e3fa77453088.png" width="402"/><br /></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Let’s apply the </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">mW to dBm conversion formula and first calculate the EIRP for 23dBm (200mW) and then 20dBm (100mW) TX Power.</span></font></div>
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<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%; text-decoration: line-through;-evernote-highlight:true;">TX Power = 10 x log10 (200mW) =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%; text-decoration: line-through;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm</span></font></span></div>
<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%; text-decoration: line-through;-evernote-highlight:true;">EIRP =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%; text-decoration: line-through;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm + 7dBi = 30,0103dBm</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">TX Power = 10 x log10 (100mW) =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">20dBm</span></font></span></div>
<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">EIRP =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">20dBm + 7dBi = 27dBm</span></font></span></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">So here lies the answer:</span><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> 200mW was not chosen because this would result in a dBm value of 23,0103 and when adding this to the antenna gain of 7dBi would result in an EIRP of 30,0103dBm, which is higher then the max. allowed 30dBm for ETSI and therefore is rejected. The AP will step down 3dB to the next available power level which in this case is 20dBm (Level 1) and finally results in an EIRP of 27dBm which is accepted.</span></font></div>
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<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configuration Example 2</font></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">In this second example, the antenna gain was configured statically to 4dBi.</font></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E) <span> <span> </span></span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</span></font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic;-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</font></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured TxPower: 23 dBm (Level Index 1)</span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Allowed Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Allowed Client Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Antenna: Rx[a b c d ] ................................</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 8] (dBi x 2), Reported 8,</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured 8, In Use 8]</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> (dBi x 2)</span></span></font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">TX Power = 10 x log10 (200mW) =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm</span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">EIRP =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm + 4dBi = 27,0103dBm</span></span></font></div><ol style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt;" start="7"></ol><ol style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 0mm; padding-left: 0pt;" start="7"></ol><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><span style="text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configuration Example 3</font></span></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">In this last example, the antenna gain was configured statically to 0dBi and therefore the APs’ automatic antenna detection kicked in and chose 4dBi as the gain. Keep in mind that </span><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">automatic antenna detection may be inaccurate though so use this with caution.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</span></font></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-style: italic;-evernote-highlight:true;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</font></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0mm 0mm 3.52mm; text-indent: 0mm;"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured TxPower: 23 dBm (Level Index 1)</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;">Allowed Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> <span> <span> </span></span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Allowed Client Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Antenna: Rx[a b c d ] </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);"> ................................</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;">External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 8] (dBi x 2), Reported 0,</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">Configured 0, In Use 8]</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); text-indent: 0mm; font-style: italic; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> (dBi x 2)</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">TX power = 10 x log10 (200mW) =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;"> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">EIRP =</span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0mm; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165); color: rgb(1, 1, 1); line-height: 115%;-evernote-highlight:true;">23,0103dBm + 4dBi = 27,0103dBm</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">I hope this will be a useful post for all Cisco guys/girls out there and please do not hesitate to comment. </font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">Best regards and hopefully we meet again soon @ my next one.</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 14px;">-The End-</font></div></div><div><br /></div>
Configuring DHCP Option 43 on a MikroTik Routerboard
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/configuring-dhcp-option-43-on-mikrotik-routerboard
2020-04-06T08:57:55.303000Z
2018-06-13T14:10:29Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">Building my own knowledge base, i wanted to share another post, this time configuring a Mikrotik 1100 AH Routerboard as a DHCP server with option 43 (VSI). </font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The goal is that Ruckus access points located in a different subnet than the vSZ, SmartZone or ZoneDirector are able to discover the controller by its IP address (returned from a DHCP server) without any additional input from the installer.</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">There are 5 ways a Ruckus AP can discover a controller:</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div><ol><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The controllers' IP is stored in memory from a previous discovery.</font></span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The controllers' IP is manually configured into the AP using the GUI or CLI.</font></span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The controllers' IP is returned from a DNS query.</font></span></span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The controllers 'IP is discovered by Layer 2 broadcast (same subnet)</font></span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">The controllers' IP is returned in a DHCP Offer (Option 43).</font></span></span></div></li></ol><div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">We will focus on the fifth method in the rest of this post.</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 1*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> Option 60 (VCI) is not configured in this demo and therefore all devices in the same subnet will receive a DHCP offer including Option 43, this can trigger a possible security issue.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">Below a diagram of my LAB set-up:</font></span></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/b494310b-846e-4a1b-b12d-8311237ad20b.png" style="font-size: 11pt;"/></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">Zonedirector IP: 10.5.1.5/24 (Vlan 51)</font></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">AP-1 IP Subnet: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">10.5.2.0/24 (Vlan 52)</span></font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">DHCP pool: <span style="font-size: 11pt;">10.5.2.100 - 110</span></span></font></div>
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<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 2*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> I am using Winbox for the config and assume that you already have the Mikrotik Router and Zonedirector up and running and the </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">switchports configured for the appropriate VLANs.</span></font></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>Below the guided steps:</b></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 1: Create a VLAN on the Physical interface of the router.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><br/></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Click on Interfaces, then VLAN. Fill in the VLAN name, VLAN ID (must be the same ID as configured on the switch) and choose the physical interface to append it to. Click "Apply" and then "OK" to close the window.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/3486c1b5-d46b-4969-b9ae-fcab83d887f6.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="795"/></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 2: Add an IP Address in the IP range that you will be serving DHCP.</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Click on IP, then Addresses and next the "+" sign. Fill in the router IP (interface) for the appropriate VLAN (subnet), don't worry, the Mikrotik is smart enough to find out the Network (10.5.2.0 in our case). Don't forget to click "Apply" and then "OK".</font></span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/77ea678e-557e-45c5-b601-a9358bb9d681.png" /></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 3: Set-up the DHCP server.</font></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></font></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Click on IP,</span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">DHCP Server and then DHCP Setup. Here you need to choose the interface where you want to configure the DHCP server for (Vlan52 in our case). Click the next button to confirm.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/77473179-9ca5-45ea-bb2c-8f745ff74288.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="700"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Fill in the subnet address for the DHCP Server and click next.</font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/d5613fea-b80e-41d2-a561-aab39918bb41.png" width="299"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Fill in the Gateway address (most likely the same as configured before) and click next.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/feb44ec5-f1c9-4713-948e-fb733b85c1f1.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="300"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">No need to configure DHCP Relay in this case, so just click next.</font></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/63255efc-cb54-4678-8e63-a0b2586875e4.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="300"/></span></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></font></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Enter the range of IP addresses that will be issued by this DHCP server, make sure to reserve some IPs for static devices and once more click Next 🙂 .</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/f477a6a1-d50e-4776-ab94-c9a12ef602dc.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="303"/></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></font></div><ul><li><div><font><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">Choose a DNS server (i chose my favorite one from Google) and click (yep, you guest it) "Next".</font></font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/ba232086-6012-48ab-b5c1-4bc2d74f791f.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="304"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">And last but not least, choose a lease time and click "Next".</font></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/ca9962c6-a516-49a8-8d88-706fe8a585c3.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="305"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 4: Alright, lets have some fun now with the AP by connecting it to a switchport configured for VLAN52 and see what happens.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><br/></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Let's have a look at the current DHCP lease in the router. Nothing to see here except for my management PC. The Zonedirector has a fixed IP (10.5.1.5), so won't be showing up in here.</span></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/408ceea3-9b7b-4b7c-9933-c9297926e0c5.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="818"/></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS"><br/></font></span></div><ul><li><div><font style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt;">Now let's connect the AP and see what happens, it received an IP address in the correct range, that's already a good start, now let's have a look at the controller.</font></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/d62f498b-7d7e-4d4e-8f65-672a74c93ab9.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="819"/></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><br/></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">It should be showing up here but its not, let's have a look at the access point itself then.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/d0c07c46-7c1f-421f-a261-6f79d21492be.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="991"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">SSHing into the AP and Hahaaa, the AP is still in Standalone Mode. The fact that i still could login into the AP with the default standalone admin password already gave me a clue.<br/></font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/b20b72b9-9b47-401c-b2dd-4acb9a6cdf99.png" width="492"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">So why is the AP not associating to the controller? Lets have a deep dive into the DHCP process (DORA). Its all there, DNS, IP address, subnetmask, gateway, Lease Time .... But of course something very important is missing here, the IP address of the controller (Option 43 VSI), how will the AP be able to find the controller if it doesn't now where to look and also all 3 other previously methods are failing?</font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/f9397df2-7a33-4cfd-9e81-b36a7c4c826d.png" width="1086"/></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 5: Let's go back to our Router and configure option 43 for our DHCP Scope.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><br/></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Go back to IP >> DHCP Server >> Options and click the "+" sign. Fill in a name for the option, the code = 43 and the Value (what is that?????) It is not as simple as just providing the IP address of the controller, that would have been to easy 🙂. We will need to convert our controller's IP address into HEX format and provide that as the value, for that we need the help from a very handy site called >> <a href="https://shimi.net/services/opt43/" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;">https://shimi.net/services/opt43/</a> , lets go there now.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/e6671099-2617-4121-91df-6c6b9916bf12.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="804"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 12pt;">The ZDs IP address in our LAB is "<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 12pt;">10.5.1.5", so let's put this into the tool in choose Ruckus Wireless (ZD) as the controller type, next click "Give me my option 43!" Copy the value with CTRL+C (marked in blue).</span></font><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div></li></ul><div><br/></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/d5f7bfbd-9545-4f8e-9f9c-b11f88c9d31c.png" width="442"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Trebuchet MS">Now copy this value into the value box but make sure to put "0x" in front of it to denote that it is an Hex value. Click Apply and then OK.</font></font></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/4d19d155-ecd2-4890-8e7f-b4ad55c91a6e.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="515"/></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><br/></span></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">The last thing we need to do now is bound this option we just created to our APs' subnet. Select it next to DHCP options, click "Apply" and "OK" for the last time, i promise 🙂 . That's it, great job !!!!! </span></div></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/439a0f88-6bd9-4f95-8b6c-72232ec33433.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="757"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Step 6: Let's try again now, shall we? Alright here we go, re-connect the AP to the switchport. </span></div>
<div><br style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;"/></div><ul><li><div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Check the DHCP lease in the router, looks good.</span></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/d62f498b-7d7e-4d4e-8f65-672a74c93ab9.png" style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 11pt;" width="819"/></div>
<div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;"><br/></font></div><ul><li><div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Let's have a look at the AP first. "super" is not letting me in, that's already a good sign, so use the admin account from the ZD instead (default = admin/admin). Alright, admin works and the AP is under the ZD's management and already received its config and necessary firmware updates.</font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/a44384fe-a62e-4391-826c-c5909e7f2343.png" width="491"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">Let's go to the ZD to verify, and there she finally is ladies and gentlemen, my beautiful half round AP in all its glory connected using LWAPP. Let's have a final look at the DHCP DORA process before we round it up.</font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/a719469b-407a-4392-9632-0383ad066349.png" width="1052"/></div>
<div><br/></div><ul><li><div><font face="Trebuchet MS" style="font-size: 11pt;">Alright, last bit. And here is the option i was looking for (option 43) with the ZD's IP in HEX format as well in decimal in the decode.<br/></font></div></li></ul><div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/cb7f22ae-060e-407c-b2c7-f8e7589302d1/7d4624e3-6aaf-41b6-8417-97097f55dba9.png" width="1006"/></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">I hope this post will be useful and worth reading, can't wait to write my next one. </font></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">See you guys (and girls) soon and don't hesitate to comment.</font></div>
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Capturing 802.11 Frames Using Ruckus Wireless Access Points and Wireshark
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/capturing-802-11-frames-using-ruckus-wireless-access-points-and-wireshark
2020-04-06T08:57:50.268000Z
2018-06-10T19:28:51Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><font style="font-size: 11pt;">Its finally here, my first blog post 🙂. Special thx to Keith Parsons, Ferney Munoz and Tom Carpenter for inspiring me to start blogging. Lets kick-off with something not to hard that I field tested some time ago, nevertheless very useful for WLAN engineers troubleshooting Ruckus WLANs. </font></span></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Very special thanks to</span> <a href="https://plus.google.com/115534438885739116189" style="background-image: url("file://www.google.com/images/icons/ui/gprofile_button-16.png"); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; min-height: 20px; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;">Primož Marinšek</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">who’s blog inspired me to write my own about this topic. H</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">is post describes the steps to be taken for older Ruckus access points only, so I thought, lets update these steps for more recent AP models 🙂. His blog can be found here: </span><a href="http://wlanimp.blogspot.com/2014/04/capturing-80211-frames-with-ruckus.html" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">http://wlanimp.blogspot.com/2014/04/capturing-80211-frames-with-ruckus.html</a></font></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><font style="font-size: 11pt;">First of all, some notes to take into consideration:</font></span></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 1*:</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> I ve tested this on Wireshark versions 2.0.2 and 2.2.2 and it will probably work on later versions as well.</span></span></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 2*:</span> I ve only tested it on Wireshark running on Windows OS.</span></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 3*:</span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> You can only capture on 1 interface at a time (2.4 or 5GHz) and an SSID needs to be configured for capturing to work.</span></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 4*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> Works for any Ruckus AP supporting packet capturing, I ve used an R510 for my demonstration.</span></font></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 5*:</span> Works for APs in standalone mode, ZoneDirector and SCG/SmartZone controlled mode.</span></span></div>
<div><br/></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">The first thing you should do is put your APs radio into monitor mode or as Ruckus calls it "capture" mode, You can accomplish this in 2 ways: </span></font></div>
<div><br/></div><ol><li><div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">SSH to an AP and enable it there.</span></span></div></li><li><div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">If the AP is ZD controlled you can enable it via the ZDs' web GUI (Via the ZD you can probably set it up faster, but you can't set all of the available options (switches) that way. >> More on that topic later.</span></span></div></li></ol><div><br/></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">The second thing is setting up Wireshark to receive the 802.11 frames from the capturing </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">APs' radio.</span></font></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">The following guided steps will demonstrate how to set-up the AP using SSH only.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold;">SSH to the AP and enable capture mode (I love using Putty for this).</span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/a7c96ae6-8072-4af3-8890-32f1b6ed9909.png" width="409"/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 11px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/f8e17996-80f8-4449-bea8-cd4314fd4c8f.png" /></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><font style="font-size: 11pt;">Once logged into the APs’ CLI, enable the capture mode for which you have 2 options:</font></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ol><li><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Stream mode: stream the frames directly to Wireshark.</span></font></div></li><li><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Save mode: you can save a certain amount of frames and transfer them using TFTP.</span></font></div></li></ol><div><br/></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Since most all recent APs will have 2 radios (2.4 and 5GHz) you will need to specify which radio should be configured for capturing. Each radio has 1 monitor (MON) interface. You can get a list of interfaces that an AP supports using following command:</span></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># get wlanlist >> newer AP's will not show these interfaces anymore, however, they are still there.</span></font></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Output for Older Access Points >></span></font></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/515a8028-052b-42e6-91fb-ced7329aaae1.png" width="471"/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Output for Newer Access Points (no wlan100 nor wlan101 in the list here) >></span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/0b700230-9b8a-4688-82f8-7e907a510e76.png" /></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">In short:</span></span></div>
<div><br/></div><ol><li><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">wlan100</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">is located on the</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">2.4GHz</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;"> radio</span></font></div></li><li><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">wlan101</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">is located on the</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">5GHz</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">radio</span></font></div></li></ol><div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Below the command you should use to start a streaming capture on either interface:</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan10x stream >> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">where x is either 0 or 1, depending on the radio you want to capture on.</span></span></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">You can also add following switches after the main command to set capture filters, the 2 most important are:</span></font></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> -> -nob: nobeacon</span></span></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> -> -noc: nocontrol</span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan10x stream -nob >> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">no captured beacons will be streamed to Wireshark.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan10x stream -noc >> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">no captured control frames will be streamed to Wireshark.</span></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 6*:</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Be advised that you can always use display filters later on in Wireshark and so my advice is to capture everything.</span></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 7*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> These options won’t be available when using a ZoneDirector to set-up packet capturing on the AP(s).</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Command for 2.4GHz Radio Interface >></span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/23c19d1e-dc28-4f43-9a87-3d3ed3494dff.png" width="385"/></div>
<div><br/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Command for 5GHz Radio Interface >></span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/830afa3f-6bb1-4557-a570-47a04bfb226b.png" width="388"/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">We are done here for now, it’s time to set-up Wireshark.</span></font></div>
<div><br/></div><ol><li><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Click on the capture TAB and select Options.</span></div></li><li><div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: normal;">Next, click on</span> <span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: normal;">Manage interfaces</span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: normal;"> and configure the</span> <span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: normal;">Remote interfaces.</span></div></li><li><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">Click the plus sign to add a remote interface.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;"> Input the APs IP address and just click the OK button. N</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">o need for authentication or port settings (default port of 2002 will be used).</span></font></div></li></ol><div><br/></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/1484f1a5-adb6-4cc0-88e4-54129e90cc8a.png" width="470"/></div>
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<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 8*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> A</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">n error could be returned >> keep clicking away this error until the interfaces are reveiled !!!</span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/751792f4-c65e-441d-a8c3-24e2bab97c83.png" /></span></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">You will now see a list similar to the one below >></span></span></font></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/a4b9991a-fde4-4369-8cb2-551d276b61a7.png" /></div>
<div><br/></div>
<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">Now select all the check boxes on the right except the</span> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: normal;">wifi0 or wifi1 as well as the interfaces of the configured SSIDs on the radio you like to capture on (I could not make the streaming work without also leaving these interfaces enabled), you can check the interface names needed using previous command:</span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># get wlanlist</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 9*:</span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">wlan100/wlan101</span> <span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">>> newer AP's will not show these interfaces anymore, so to know what interface to capture on run the following command 2 times: </span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan100 stream</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/fd28cf76-057c-4dcc-92ab-60c615cce2a3.png" style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"/></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan101 stream</span></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/017fe8cb-8dfd-4026-a42c-dd153ba42def.png" style="font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';"/></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Older access points (no need for previous steps)>></span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/f3388a2a-6b75-40f4-8e65-8bd085d832fc.png" style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"/></div>
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<div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Note 10*:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Checking the boxes will hide all the interfaces except the once</span> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">not</span> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">selected. </span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">leave following checkboxes enabled or the remote interface capture will not work.</span></span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/4616817d-f24b-4939-8089-d856bc3f938f.png" /></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Now you should click the OK button to close the window and select wifi0 (</span><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">wlan100) or wifi1 (wlan101) from the list, next click on the Start button to run the capture.</span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/4da67632-dabc-4e4d-94f0-ab3fd2b7ade4.png" /></span></div>
<div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-weight: bold;">If everything went well, then you now should see packets in Wireshark 🙂. </span></div>
<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/a7c593fe-063a-4df1-9bf3-b8e36e80fd66/4c0778e7-e677-43c9-acb8-1904d9b493ac/6fc25c37-d673-4cba-8bcc-6b50766840d9.png" width="470"/></div>
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<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Oh yes, and last but not least, how to stop the packet streaming from the APs? Simple, just run 1 of the following commands:</span></font></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan100 idle</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"># set capture wlan100 idle</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">Thx for reading and hopefully we meet again here for my next post.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14px; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal;">-THE END-</span></div>
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Cisco AP EIRP Calculation Examples
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/cisco-ap-eirp-calculation-examples
2020-04-06T08:57:51.987000Z
2018-06-07T21:17:53Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Used AP for these calculations is a Cisco AIR-AP1572EAC-E-K9 access point running IOS Version 15.3(3)JA8$ (8.0.133 MR3).</span><br /></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Browse for the EU Directive 1999/5/EC - Compliance Information document on the Cisco website for the specific access point.</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><a href="http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/compliance/reference/guide/1570_EU.html#pgfId-39187" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: underline;">http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/compliance/reference/guide/1570_EU.html#pgfId-39187</a></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/07582918-2f93-4a5c-adcd-b6c277c3af66/887c4912-0bf9-4e21-9a25-d190e7a09f31.png" /></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Following tables are of importance in this document:</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Table 1 - Max. Allowed EIRP for ETSI</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/07582918-2f93-4a5c-adcd-b6c277c3af66/b3de04b8-22d3-44de-84d8-106ce7de2ab9.png" /></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">b.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Table 2 - Max TX power increments</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/07582918-2f93-4a5c-adcd-b6c277c3af66/d96922cf-d6bf-43db-a98d-fc2c07c17a7a.png" /></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Note*:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> The AP will lower the TX power in increments of 3dB. The max allowed TX power for this AP is 23dBm.</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Used Formulas:</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP calculations</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP (dBm) = TX power (dBm) + antenna gain (dBi) – insertion loss (dB)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Ex. >>> 23dBm + 7dBi = 30dBm (we don’t care for insertion loss for these examples due to fixed antenna gains (cable loss and connector is already included)). </font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">b.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">mW to dBm convertion</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">10 x log10 (mW) = dBm</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Ex. >>> 10 x log10 (1mW) = 0dBm </font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Used Cisco Ios commands for AP config extract :</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">LAP-01772-01-0001-Smokey > show controllers dot11Radio 0 >> 2.4GHz radio</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">b.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">LAP-01772-01-0001-Smokey > show controllers dot11Radio 1 >> 5GHz radio</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">5.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configuration Example 1</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured TxPower: 16 dBm (Level Index 1)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Power Levels: 16 13 10 dBm</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Client Power Levels: 16 13 10 dBm</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Antenna:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Rx[a b c d ]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 26] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 26] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 26] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 26] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 26] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 26] (dBi x 2), Reported 26, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured 26, In Use 26]</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (dBi x 2)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;"> </font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
You can see in this example that the channel configured on the AP is 108 (5.540 GHz) which is located in the UNII2-ext band (Table 1). The max. EIRP for this band is 1000 mW or 30dBm (10 x log10 (1000). We statically configured the AP gain to 13dBi (26 increments of 0,5dBi). The AP auto chose the TX power level of 16 dBm (when configured on level index 1). See table 2 for allowed tx power increments.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">TX power = 10 x log10 (200mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">23,01dBm</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">23,01dBm + 13dBi = 36,01dBm (higher than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">
TX power = 10 x log10 (100mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">20dBm (23dBm – 3dB)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">20dBm + 13dBi = 33dBm (higher than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">TX power = 10 x log10 (50mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">16.9897dBm (23dBm – 3dB – 3dB)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">16.9897dBm + 13dBi = 29,9897dBm (lower than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">6.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configuration Example 2</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured TxPower: 20 dBm (Level Index 1)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Power Levels: 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Client Power Levels: 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Antenna:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Rx[a b c d ]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 14] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 14] (dBi x 2), Reported 14, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured 14, In Use 14]</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (dBi x 2)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
You can see in this example that the channel configured on the AP is 108 (5.540 GHz) which is located in the UNII2-ext band (Table 1). The max. EIRP for this band is 1000 mW or 30dBm (10 x log10 (1000). We statically configured the AP gain to 7dBi (14 increments of 0,5dBi). The AP auto chose the TX power level of 20 dBm (when configured on level index 1). See table 2 for allowed tx power increments.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">TX power = 10 x log10 (200mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">23,01dBm</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">23,01dBm + 7dBi = 30,01dBm (higher than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: line-through;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">TX power = 10 x log10 (100mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">20dBm (23dBm – 3dB)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">20dBm + 7dBi = 27dBm (lower than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">7.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configuration Example 3</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured TxPower: 23 dBm (Level Index 1)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Client Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Antenna:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Rx[a b c d ]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 8] (dBi x 2), Reported 8, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured 8, In Use 8]</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (dBi x 2)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
You can see in this example that the channel configured on the AP is 108 (5.540 GHz) which is located in the UNII2-ext band (Table 1). The max. EIRP for this band is 1000 mW or 30dBm (10 x log10 (1000). We statically configured the AP gain to 4dBi (8 increments of 0,5dBi). The AP auto chose the TX power level of 23 dBm (when configured on level index 1). See table 2 for allowed tx power increments.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">TX power = 10 x log10 (200mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">23,01dBm (highest TX power possible)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">23,01dBm + 4dBi = 27,01dBm (lower than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">8.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configuration Example 4</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Carrier Set: Belgium (BE) (-E)</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Uniform Spreading Required: Yes</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured Frequency: 5540 MHz Channel 108 (DFS enabled)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured TxPower: 23 dBm (Level Index 1)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
Allowed Client Power Levels: 23 20 17 14 11 8 dBm</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Antenna:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Rx[a b c d ]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Tx[a b c d ofdm all]</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
External Gain [Allowed 8, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 10, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 14, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 16, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 26, In Use 8] (dBi x 2) 28, In Use 8] (dBi x 2), Reported 0, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Configured 0, In Use 8]</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (dBi x 2)</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
You can see in this example that the channel configured on the AP is 108 (5.540 GHz) which is located in the UNII2-ext band (Table 1). The max. EIRP for this band is 1000 mW or 30dBm (10 x log10 (1000). We statically configured the AP gain to 0dBi (the AP automatic antenna detection chose 4dBm). The AP auto chose the TX power level of 23 dBm (when configured on level index 1). See table 2 for allowed tx power increments.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">TX power = 10 x log10 (200mW) = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">23,01dBm (highest TX power possible)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">EIRP = </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">23,01dBm + 4dBi = 27,01dBm (lower than 30dBm)</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">9.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Conclusion</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Example 1:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> When you select a 13dBi antenna, the AP selects the closest power level so that EIRP won’t go over 30dBm – hence 16dBm (in fact 10 x log10 (50mW) = 16.989700043360187dBm.</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">The AP showing 16dBm instead of 17dBm is due to operation rounding up to closest integer.</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">b.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Example 2:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> When you select a 7dBi antenna, the AP selects the closest power level so that EIRP won’t go over 30dBm – hence 20dBm. Selecting 23dBm is not possible since (10 x log10 (200) = 23.010299956639813).</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The AP cannot go over the max allowed EIRP level (even for 0.01dBm – 1.01mW). In that case the AP won’t meet compliancy requirements. Since only power decrements of 3dB are allowed, lowering the transmit power to 20dBm will be selected.</span></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">c.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Example 3:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> When you select a 4dBi antenna, the AP can safely select 23dBm as transmit power since resulting EIRP will be 27dBm which is below the maximum allowed EIRP of 30dBm. Remember that we cannot go higher then 23dBm.</span></font></div><div><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="font-size: 14px;">
</font></span></div><div><font style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">d.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Example 4:</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Same as #3, but here the AP detected that a 4dBi antenna is installed, though not configured – </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">automatic antenna detection may be inaccurate though</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.</span></font></div><div><span style="font: 11.0px 'Trebuchet MS'; font-kerning: none; color: #000000; -webkit-text-stroke: 0px #000000;">
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Testing 1...2....3....
https://mypacketsgotframed.postach.io/post/testing-1-2-3
2020-04-06T08:57:52.898000Z
2018-06-07T20:26:44Z
Koen Verbeeck
<div><span style="color: rgb(255, 47, 146);">This is a test</span></div>
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<div><img src="https://cdn-images.postach.io/fdffbcf9-a2f9-4428-b3f5-ed7af882c8c9/66f6459f-5860-49a4-b1e4-deaf4f225295/7f90a498-1257-4167-abd0-4e1610b6cb93.jpg" /><br /></div>
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